optics/material.h

#ifndef MATERIALSTRUCT_H
#define MATERIALSTRUCT_H
#include <vector>
#include <ostream>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <complex>
#include <algorithm>
#include <sstream>
#include "rts/math/complex.h"
#include "rts/math/function.h"
#define PI  3.14159f
namespace rts{
    enum field_type {field_microns, field_wavenumber, field_n, field_k, field_A, field_ignore};
    //conversion functions
    //convert wavenumber to lambda
    template <class T>
    static T _wn(T inverse_cm)
    {
        return (T)10000.0/inverse_cm;
    }
    template <class T>
    static T _2wn(T lambda)
    {
        return (T)10000.0/lambda;
    }
    //convert absorbance to k
    template <class T>
    static T _A(T absorbance, T lambda)
    {
        return (absorbance * lambda) / (4 * PI);
    }
	template <class T>
	static T _2A(T k, T lambda)
	{
		return (4 * PI * k)/lambda;
	}
    //define the dispersion as a single wavelength/refractive index pair
    template <class T>
    struct refIndex
    {
        //wavelength (in microns)
        T lambda;
        complex<T> n;
    };
    template <class T>
    struct entryType
    {
        //list of value types per entry
        std::vector<field_type> valueList;
        entryType(std::string format)
        {
            //location of the end of a parameter
            size_t e;
            //string storing a token
            std::string token;
            do
            {
                //find the end of the first parameter
                e = format.find_first_of(',');
                //get the substring up to the comma
                token = format.substr(0, e);
                //turn the token into a val_type
                if(token == "microns")
                    valueList.push_back(field_microns);
                else if(token == "wavenumber")
                    valueList.push_back(field_wavenumber);
                else if(token == "n")
                    valueList.push_back(field_n);
                else if(token == "k")
                    valueList.push_back(field_k);
                else if(token == "A")
                    valueList.push_back(field_A);
                else
                    valueList.push_back(field_ignore);
                //remove the first token from the format string
                format = format.substr(e+1, format.length()-1);
            }while(e != std::string::npos);
        }
        void addValue(field_type value)
        {
            valueList.push_back(value);
        }
        refIndex<T> inputEntry(std::string line, T scaleA = 1.0)
        {
            T val;
            std::stringstream ss(line);
            //create a new refractive index
            refIndex<T> newRI;
            //read the entry from an input string
            for(unsigned int i=0; i<valueList.size(); i++)
            {
                while(ss.peek() < '0' || ss.peek() > '9')
                {
                    //cout<<"bad char"<<endl;
                    ss.ignore();
                }
                //retrieve the value
                ss>>val;
                //cout<<val<<endl;
                //store the value in the appropriate location
                switch(valueList[i])
                {
                    case field_microns:
                        newRI.lambda = val;
                        break;
                    case field_wavenumber:
                        newRI.lambda = _wn(val);
                        break;
                    case field_n:
                        newRI.n.real(val);
                        break;
                    case field_k:
                        newRI.n.imag(val);
                        break;
                    case field_A:
                        newRI.n.imag(_A(val * scaleA, newRI.lambda));
                        break;
		    default:
			break;
                }
            }
            //return the refractive index associated with the entry
            return newRI;
        }
		std::string outputEntry(refIndex<T> material)
		{
			//std::string result;
			std::stringstream ss;
			//for each field in the entry
			for(int i=0; i<valueList.size(); i++)
			{
				if(i > 0)
					ss<<"\t";
				//store the value in the appropriate location
                switch(valueList[i])
                {
                    case field_microns:
                        ss<<material.lambda;
                        break;
                    case field_wavenumber:
                        ss<<_2wn(material.lambda);
                        break;
                    case field_n:
                        ss<<material.n.real();
                        break;
                    case field_k:
                        ss<<material.n.imag();
                        break;
                    case field_A:
                        ss<<_2A(material.n.imag(), material.lambda);
                        break;
                }
			}
			return ss.str();
		}
    };
    //a material is a list of refractive index values
    template <class T>
    class material
    {
		std::string name;
        //dispersion (refractive index as a function of wavelength)
        //std::vector< refIndex<T> > dispersion;
		function< T, complex<T> > dispersion;
        //average refractive index (approximately 1.4)
        T n0;
        /*void add(refIndex<T> ri)
        {
            //refIndex<T> converted = convert(ri, measurement);
            dispersion.push_back(ri);
        }*/
        //comparison function for sorting
        static bool compare(refIndex<T> a, refIndex<T> b)
        {
            return (a.lambda < b.lambda);
        }
        //comparison function for searching lambda
        /*static bool findCeiling(refIndex<T> a, refIndex<T> b)
        {
            return (a.lambda > b.lambda);
        }*/
	public:
		void add(T lambda, complex<T> n)
        {
            dispersion.insert(lambda, n);
        }
		std::string getName()
		{
			return name;
		}
		void setName(std::string n)
		{
            name = n;
		}
		T getN0()
		{
			return n0;
		}
		void setN0(T n)
		{
            n0 = n;
		}
		void setM(function< T, complex<T> > m)
		{
			dispersion = m;
		}
        unsigned int nSamples()
        {
            return dispersion.size();
        }
		material<T> computeN(T _n0, unsigned int n_samples = 0, T pf = 2)
		{
			/*	This function computes the real part of the refractive index
				from the imaginary part.  The Hilbert transform is required. I
				use an FFT in order to simplify this, so either the FFTW or CUFFT
				packages are required.  CUFFT is used if this file is passed through
				a CUDA compiler.  Otherwise, FFTW is used if available.
			*/
			n0 = _n0;
            int N;
            if(n_samples)
                N = n_samples;
            else
                N = dispersion.size();
#ifdef FFTW_AVAILABLE
			//allocate memory for the FFT
			complex<T>* Chi2 = (complex<T>*)fftw_malloc(sizeof(complex<T>) * N * pf);
			complex<T>* Chi2FFT = (complex<T>*)fftw_malloc(sizeof(complex<T>) * N * pf);
			complex<T>* Chi1 = (complex<T>*)fftw_malloc(sizeof(complex<T>) * N * pf);
			//create an FFT plan for the forward and inverse transforms
			fftw_plan planForward, planInverse;
			planForward = fftw_plan_dft_1d(N*pf, (fftw_complex*)Chi2, (fftw_complex*)Chi2FFT, FFTW_FORWARD, FFTW_ESTIMATE);
			planInverse = fftw_plan_dft_1d(N*pf, (fftw_complex*)Chi2FFT, (fftw_complex*)Chi1, FFTW_BACKWARD, FFTW_ESTIMATE);
			float k, alpha;
			T chi_temp;
            //the spectrum will be re-sampled in uniform values of wavenumber
			T nuMin = _2wn(dispersion.back().lambda);
			T nuMax = _2wn(dispersion.front().lambda);
			T dnu = (nuMax - nuMin)/(N-1);
			T lambda, tlambda;
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
			{
                //go from back-to-front (wavenumber is the inverse of wavelength)
                lambda = _wn(nuMax - i * dnu);
				//compute the frequency
				k = 2 * PI / (lambda);
				//get the absorbance
				alpha = getN(lambda).imag() * (2 * k);
				//compute chi2
				Chi2[i] = -alpha * (n0 / k);
			}
			//use linear interpolation between the start and end points to pad the spectrum
			//complex<T> nMin = dispersion.back();
			//complex<T> nMax = dispersion.front();
			T a;
			for(int i=N; i<N*pf; i++)
			{
                //a = (T)(i-N)/(T)(N*pf - N);
                //Chi2[i] = a * Chi2[0] + ((T)1 - a) * Chi2[N-1];
                Chi2[i] = 0.0;//Chi2[N-1];
			}
			//perform the FFT
			fftw_execute(planForward);
			//perform the Hilbert transform in the Fourier domain
			complex<T> j(0, 1);
			for(int i=0; i<N*pf; i++)
			{
                //if w = 0, set the DC component to zero
                if(i == 0)
                    Chi2FFT[i] *= (T)0.0;
                //if w <0, multiply by i
                else if(i < N*pf/2.0)
                    Chi2FFT[i] *= j;
                //if i > N/2, multiply by -i
                else
                    Chi2FFT[i] *= -j;
			}
			//execute the inverse Fourier transform (completing the Hilbert transform)
			fftw_execute(planInverse);
			//divide the Chi1 values by N
			for(int i=0; i<N*pf; i++)
				Chi1[i] /= (T)(N*pf);
			//create a new material
			material<T> newM;
			newM.dispersion.clear();
			refIndex<T> ri;
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
			{
                ri.lambda = _wn(nuMax - i * dnu);
                ri.n.real(Chi1[i].real() / (2 * n0) + n0);
                ri.n.imag(getN(ri.lambda).imag());
                newM.dispersion.push_back(ri);
            }
            //dispersion[i].n.real(Chi1[i].real() / (2 * n0) + n0);
			/*//output the Absorbance value
			ofstream outOrig("origN.txt");
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
				outOrig<<dispersion[i].lambda<<"     "<<dispersion[i].n.real()<<endl;
			//output the Chi2 value
			ofstream outChi2("chi2.txt");
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
				outChi2<<dispersion[i].lambda<<"     "<<Chi2[i].real()<<endl;
			//output the Fourier transform
			ofstream outFFT("chi2_FFT.txt");
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
			{
			float mag = std::sqrt( std::pow(Chi2FFT[i].real(), 2.0) + std::pow(Chi2FFT[i].imag(), 2.0));
				outFFT<<dispersion[i].lambda<<"     "<<mag<<endl;
			}
			//output the computed Chi1 value
			ofstream outChi1("chi1.txt");
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
			{
				outChi1<<dispersion[i].lambda<<"     "<<Chi1[i].real()<<"     "<<Chi1[i].imag()<<endl;
			}
			ofstream outN("n.txt");
			for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
				outN<<dispersion[i].lambda<<"     "<<Chi1[i].real() / (2 * n0) + n0<<endl;*/
			//de-allocate memory
			fftw_destroy_plan(planForward);
			fftw_destroy_plan(planInverse);
			fftw_free(Chi2);
			fftw_free(Chi2FFT);
			fftw_free(Chi1);
			return newM;
#else
			std::cout<<"MATERIAL Error: Must have FFTW in order to compute Kramers-Kronig."<<std::endl;
			return material<T>();
#endif
		}
        material(T lambda = 1, T n = 1, T k = 0)
        {
			dispersion.insert(lambda, complex<T>(n, k));
            /*//create a default refractive index
            refIndex<T> def;
            def.lambda = lambda;
            def.n.real(n);
            def.n.imag(k);
            add(def);
			*/
            //set n0
            n0 = 0;
        }
        material(std::string filename, std::string format = "", T scaleA = 1.0)
        {
            fromFile(filename, format);
            n0 = 0;
        }
        void fromFile(std::string filename, std::string format = "", T scaleA = 1.0)
        {
            name = filename;
            //clear any previous values
            dispersion = rts::function< T, complex<T> >();
            //load the file into a string
            std::ifstream ifs(filename.c_str());
            std::string line;
            if(!ifs.is_open())
            {
                std::cout<<"Material Error -- file not found: "<<filename<<std::endl;
                exit(1);
            }
            //process the file as a string
            std::string instr((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(ifs)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
            fromStr(instr, format, scaleA);
        }
        void fromStr(std::string str, std::string format = "", T scaleA = 1.0)
        {
            //create a string stream to process the input data
            std::stringstream ss(str);
            //this string will be read line-by-line (where each line is an entry)
            std::string line;
            //if the format is not provided, see if it is in the file, otherwise use a default
            if(format == "")
            {
                //set a default format of "lambda,n,k"
                format = "microns,n,k";
                //see if the first line is a comment
                char c = ss.peek();
                if(c == '#')
                {
                    //get the first line
                    getline(ss, line);
                    //look for a bracket, denoting the start of a format string
                    int istart = line.find('[');
                    if(istart != std::string::npos)
                    {
                        //look for a bracket terminating the format string
                        int iend = line.find(']');
                        if(iend != std::string::npos)
                        {
                            //read the string between the brackets
                            format = line.substr(istart+1, iend - istart - 1);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            entryType<T> entry(format);
            //std::cout<<"Loading material with format: "<<format<<std::endl;
            while(!ss.eof())
            {
                //read a line from the string
                getline(ss, line);
                //if the line is not a comment, process it
                if(line[0] != '#')
                {
                    //load the entry and add it to the dispersion list
                    add(entry.inputEntry(line, scaleA).lambda, entry.inputEntry(line, scaleA).n);
                }
                //generally have to peek to trigger the eof flag
                ss.peek();
            }
            //sort the vector by lambda
            //sort(dispersion.begin(), dispersion.end(), &material<T>::compare);
        }
        //convert the material to a string
        std::string toStr(std::string format = "microns,n,k", bool reverse_order = false)
        {
            std::stringstream ss;
			entryType<T> entry(format);
			if(reverse_order)
			{
                for(int l=dispersion.size() - 1; l>=0; l--)
                {
                    if(l < dispersion.size() - 1) ss<<std::endl;
                    ss<<entry.outputEntry(dispersion[l]);
                }
			}
			else
			{
                for(unsigned int l=0; l<dispersion.size(); l++)
                {
                    if(l > 0) ss<<std::endl;
                    ss<<entry.outputEntry(dispersion[l]);
                }
            }
            return ss.str();
        }
        void save(std::string filename, std::string format = "microns,n,k", bool reverse_order = false)
        {
            std::ofstream outfile(filename.c_str());
            outfile<<"#material file saved as [" + format + "]"<<std::endl;
            outfile<<toStr(format, reverse_order)<<std::endl;
        }
        //convert between wavelength and wavenumber
        /*void nu2lambda(T s = (T)1)
        {
            for(int i=0; i<dispersion.size(); i++)
                dispersion[i].lambda = s/dispersion[i].lambda;
        }
        void lambda2nu(T s = (T)1)
        {
            for(int i=0; i<dispersion.size(); i++)
                dispersion[i].lambda = s/dispersion[i].lambda;
        }*/
		refIndex<T>& operator[](unsigned int i)
		{
			return dispersion[i];
		}
		complex<T> getN(T l)
		{
			//return complex<T>(1.0, 0.0);
			complex<T> ri = dispersion.linear(l) + n0;
			return ri;
		}
		function<T, complex<T> > getF()
		{
			return dispersion + complex<T>(n0, 0.0);
		}
		//returns the scattering efficiency at wavelength l
		complex<T> eta(T l)
		{
            //get the refractive index
            complex<T> ri = getN(l);
            //convert the refractive index to scattering efficiency
            return ri*ri - 1.0;
		}
        //interpolate the given lambda value and return the index of refraction
        complex<T> operator()(T l)
        {
            return getN(l);
        }
    };
}   //end namespace rts
template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, rts::material<T> m)
{
    os<<m.toStr();
    return os;
}
#endif